刻瓷是一種傳統民間手工藝術,秦漢時便有剝鑿瓷釉的方法,稱為“剝玉”。從魏晉開始,隨著陶瓷業的發展,大量精美瓷器出現,帝王、官宦和一些文人墨客在玩賞瓷器之余,很想把詠詩題文的墨跡留存于其上,以便永久保存,于是當時的藝人們便在施釉前的瓷坯上,用直刀單線刻出詩文書畫的輪廓,這便形成了最初的瓷刻。宋代定窯瓷器的裝飾,就是在瓷坯上刻出花紋后施釉燒制的典型代表。
真正的刻瓷(在瓷釉上雕刻)是從清初開始的。據記載,清初,在民間開始有了專門從事刻瓷的行當,但大多以平刻為主,點線構圖等藝術表現力顯得單調、平實,并沒太多引起世人的注意。一直到了乾隆后期,由于經濟的昌盛和統治者文化生活的需要,朝廷特意在皇宮中設置了“造辦處”,專門制造宮廷使用的工藝品。由于當時社會各階層的推崇,鐫刻書法藝術有了進一步發展,甚至已有人能用刀在瓷板或其他器皿上雕刻山水、花鳥、草蟲等,且栩栩如生。這個時期,刻瓷真正發展成為了一門新的瓷器裝飾藝術。
在上世紀初,刻瓷在中原地區流傳甚廣,盡管藝術水準參差不齊,但很多民間藝人都掌握著這套瓷上雕刻的本領。 后來,因為戰亂,這門技藝逐漸失傳。解放后,刻瓷技藝已經鮮有人掌握。虞城縣刻瓷藝人申世德等經過多年努力探索,攻克了這一技術難關,使這一歷史文化遺產得到再生和發展。
Carved Porcelain Artistry
Carved Porcelain artistry, called Peeling Jade in Qin and Han Dynasty, is a traditional folk artistry. From Wei and Jin Era, with the development of porcelain industry, the Emperor, officials and literati are willing to leave their poems and articles on them to keep forever. Thus artists carved poems and articles on them before they satin finished. These were the first carved porcelains. Ding porcelain in Song Dynasty is a representative of this making technology.
The real carved porcelains appeared in the beginning of Qing Dynasty. According to historical records, at that time there had been specialized artists to make this carved porcelain. However, they are mainly very simple pictures and had little and monotonous artistic expression. Coming to late Qianlong period, the imperial court established specialized Producing Bureau, which produced carved porcelains only providing for the Imperial Palace. With the advocation of all classes and the development of carved handwriting art at that time, carved porcelain art bloomed into a new porcelain-decorative art really.
In the beginning of 20th century, Carved porcelains widely prevail in Central Plain. While, the technology is almost lost because of wars afterwards. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, the artist, Shen Shide in Yucheng County takes a little bit of trial and error and finally succeeds to make this technology reborn and develop.