少林功夫是指在河南登封嵩山少林寺這一特定佛教文化環境中歷史地形成的,以佛教神力信仰為基礎,充分體現佛教禪宗智慧并以少林寺僧人修習的武術為主要表現形式的一個傳統文化體系。
少林功夫具有完整的技術和理論體系,它以武術技藝和套路為表現形式,而以佛教信仰和禪宗智慧為文化內涵。
創建于北魏太和十九年(495)的少林寺是少林功夫依存的文化空間。少林功夫伴隨著少林寺一千五百多年的歷史不斷豐富完善,由最初保衛寺產的手段,逐漸發展成為技術完備、內涵豐富的文化表現形式。根據少林寺流傳下來的拳譜記載,歷代傳習的少林功夫套路有數百種之多,其中流傳有序的拳械代表有數十種,另有72項絕技及擒拿、格斗、卸骨、點穴、氣功等門類獨特的功法。少林寺目前流傳的少林功夫拳術、器械和對練等套路合計有255種。
禪宗智慧賦予了少林功夫深厚的文化內涵,少林功夫的傳承人首先應具有對佛教的信仰,包括智慧信仰和力量信仰。少林功夫的智慧信仰主神為禪宗初祖菩提達摩,力量信仰主神為緊那羅王。超常神力和超常智慧從來都是佛教徒潛心追求的目標。以信仰統攝技擊,以技擊表現信仰,這是少林功夫表現為神奇武術的根本原因,也是少林功夫與其他武術區別之所在。
佛教僧人的生活受佛教戒律約束,在少林寺這一特定環境中,佛教戒律又演化為習武戒律。戒律在習武者身上表現為武德,所以少林功夫往往表現出節制謙和、內斂含蓄和講究內勁、短小精悍、后發制 人的風格特點。
少林功夫的傳習方式主要以口訣為媒介,與少林寺傳統的宗法門頭制度相結合,其核心內容是師父的言傳身教和弟子的勤學苦練。
少林功夫達到了“禪武合一”的精神境界,是中國武術文化最杰出的代表,也是少林文化最具代表性的呈現方式。
隨著時代的發展,中國漢地佛教信仰整體水平衰落,少林住院僧人逐年減少。火器的普遍使用使傳統武術從總體上退出軍事攻防技術領域。現代人熱衷于“少林功夫”動作套路的技術表現,由此導致其內在品質的邊緣化。所有這些造成了當代少林功夫的瀕危境況,需要有關方面盡快制定方案,對少林功夫加以搶救、保護。
2006年,少林功夫被列入第一批國家級非物質文化遺產名錄。
Shaolin Kung Fu
Shaolin Kung Fu refers to a system of traditional culture, which is on the foundation of a unique Buddhism cultural place Shaolin Temple and Buddhism relief and deeply reflects Chan Buddhism wisdom and Chinese Kung Fu. Shaolin Kung Fu owns complete technology and theory system, set martial art skills as major expressions and relys on the content of Buddhism relief and wisdom.
Shaolin Temple, established in the 19th Taihe year of northern Wei Dynasty, is the cultural space Shaolin Kung Fu depends on. Nowadays, the prevailed Chinese boxing, instruments and pair exercise skills have 255 different kinds.
Chan Buddhism wisdom provides Shaolin Kung Fu thick cultural content, such as relief for Buddhism, wisdom and power. It controls martial art skills with relief and at the same time expresses relief with martial art skills. That’s why Shaolin Kung Fu is different from other kinds of martial arts.
Buddhism commandments develops into martial art commandments, which are regarded as morality of Wushu, including self-control, modest, restrained, terse and forceful, caring inner power and other features. The major way to spread Shaolin Kung Fu is teaching with a pithy formula and being learned with hard work. Shaolin Kung Fu has arrived at a particular mental shackle of uniting Chan and Wushu together which is an outstanding representative of Chinese martial art as well as a typical appearance way of Shaolin culture. However, nowadays, people pay more attention to the technical effects so that its inner essence is under marginalization.