黃河船工祖祖輩輩生活在黃河上,漂泊在木船上。他們對黃河了如指掌,把船只視為家珍。在與黃河風浪搏斗的生活實踐中,船工們創作出了豐富多采、獨具特色的黃河號子。聲聲號子,抒發了船工們復雜的感情,反映出他們的喜、怒、哀;樂、憂、怨、悲、歡。黃河船工號子,伴隨著船工的勞動,是船民生活的旋律。黃河船工從來是不行"啞巴船"的。船工們一投入工作,就開始唱"黃河叫號",招呼大家準備行船。船在岸上檢修后拖船下水時唱"威標號",接著有"起錨號"、"搭篷號"、"揚蠻號"(船工們忌用"翻"音,"揚蠻號"即"揚帆號"),使用最多的是"拉纖喂喂號"。黃河的拉纖號,又有清早拉纖號和晚上拉纖號之分,雖曲調相同,但歌詞內容是不一樣的。黃河中下游的船工,橫渡黃河的時候比較多,在勞動實踐中,船工們摸索出了向前拋錨,然后用水的沖力推船橫渡的勞動方法。這樣,就創造出了一種適應這種勞動的急促有力的"拋錨號"和"掄大錨號"。另外,船調頭時有"帶沖號",撐船時有"跌腳號",快到碼頭時有"大跺腳號",在兩船之間穿行時有"車擋號"等等。直到停船,每一勞動過程,都有號子伴奏。
隨著河道的變化,船工們還創造出了各種形式的勞動號子,以適應勞動節奏的變化。黃河中上游是黃土高原和豫西山地,谷深峽險,水流湍急。黃河船工們逆流而上,步步艱難;順流而下,提心吊膽。民間有句俗話叫"船行三門峽,如過鬼門關"。三門峽是黃河最險惡的地段之一,明礁暗石,水勢兇猛,曾有不少船只在這里葬身河底。所以,船工們在這些河段里行船,必須有同舟共濟之心,力挽狂瀾之膽。這時候,使用的號子幾乎不用歌詞,全用"嗨、嗨"的襯詞組成。黃河流出豫西山地,進入華北平原以后,沒有了那種奔騰無羈的氣勢,緩緩瀉入渤海。船工們在這些河段里行船,其號子也多緩慢悠揚,頗具情趣。黃河號子采用的是一領眾和的形式,從歌詞到曲調都敦厚質樸,雄勁開闊。
黃河船工長年累月航行在千里河道上,對黃河兩岸的一山一石、一草一木都非常熟悉。船工們在用號子來調節單調、繁重的體力勞動的同時,也用歌聲來描繪山川景色,抒發他們熱愛大自然的感情。
總之,黃河船工號子不僅有指揮勞動、鼓舞勞動情緒的實用價值,也使人們從中體會到黃河行船獨特的風俗民情。
Yellow River Boatman's Watchword
Yellow River boatmen live on the river and float on boat from generation to generation. In the defeat practice with waves, they create varied and unique watchword which is along with their works and is a melody of their life.
Yellow River Watchword uses the form of one leading and others following. It is honest, plain, powerful and vigorous from lyrics to tones. Boatmen sing these watchwords to adjust monotonous and heavy manual work, at the same time, they are also eager to depict beautiful scenes and express their love for the nature with these watchwords. In a word, Yellow River Watchword not only has value of commanding their work and stimulating their emotion, but also can make common people feel the unique custom during boat's sailing.